With more than 20 reactors built and in operation around the world and combining nearly 400. During this period, the gcfr concept was found to be more. Oct, 2014 by far the most advanced of the six is the sodium cooled fast reactor sfr, developed by france, russia and china from a concept pioneered in the united states in the 1950s. The entire loop including the reaction vessel and piping lines are filled with sodium, and a high pressure steam is injected into the reaction vessels. Sodiumcooled fastneutron reactor electrical capacity. The startup of fast reactors is dictated by the availability of tru pu or the reprocessing capacity. Materials science research for sodium cooled fast reactors 273 the term fbr refers to the sodium cooled fast breeder reactors. Iaea nuclear energy series liquid metal coolants for fast reactors.
While the oxygenfree environment prevents corrosion, sodium reacts chemically. The reactor fuel forms and key components were based on testing and demonstration in the united states ebrii and fftf sodium cooled fast test reactors. Some have operated well, while others have done poorly. Understand how differences between sodium and water result in broad design differences between a sodiumcooled fast reactor sfr and a. Sodiumcooled fast reactor design principles and approach ii. The leadcooled fast reactor is a nuclear reactor design that features a fast neutron spectrum and molten lead or leadbismuth eutectic coolant. From the viewpoint that a sodium cooled fast reactor sfr has the potential of an enhanced safety by utilizing inherent safety characteristics, transuranics tru reduction, and resolving the spent fuel storage problems through a proliferationresistant actinide recycling, an sfr is sure to be the most promising nuclear power option.
Nuclear reactor nuclear reactor liquidmetal reactors. Sodium as a fast reactor coolant thomas fanning by john a. Understand how differences between sodium and water result in broad design differences between a sodium cooled fast reactor sfr and a. Decommissioning of fast reactors after sodium draining. An international spent nuclear fuel storage facility. The work in this thesis mainly concerns the detection of incore perturbations arising from unwanted movements of control rods with invessel neutron detectors in a sodiumcooled fast reactor. In the manual for the sasdeform4 code, the fuel elastic. The first nuclear power reactor of this kind was the ebri at the idaho national laboratory inl in the usa 1. Pdf metal fuel is being developed for the prototype generationiv. Structural materials for liquid metal cooled fast reactor. Analysis of advanced sodiumcooled fast reactor core.
Multipurpose fastneutron research reactor mbir general designer. Safety and core design of large liquidmetal cooled fast breeder. The use of sodiumcooled fast reactors for effectively reprocessing plutonium and minor actinides. Main fast breeder reactor types and their design parameters there are two basic designs for sodiumcooled fast breeders. Terrapower inks deal with chinas cnnc to build fast reactor. In this paper, two fast reactor systems are discussed the sodiumcooled fast reactor, which has already been built and can be further improved, and the leadcooled fast reactor that could be developed relatively soon. Japan 70,71, both including sodium, lead and leadbismuth cooled fast reactors. The main focus of the tm was on the decommissioning of both active loop and reactor components e. Liquid metal coolants for fast reactors cooled by sodium. Summarize the manufacturing processes of liquid metal fast reactor lmfr fuel. Sodium hot pump core cold plenum primary sodium cold hot plenum control rods heat exchanger generator heat sink turbine condenser secondary sodium steam generator pump pump electrical power. A summary of sodiumcooled fast reactor development. These effects combine to counter passively transients due to loss of coolant.
Fast reactor facility design fast reactor core picture of pfr core the liquidsalt cooled fast reactor highertemperature liquidsalt coolant replacing sodium general electric sprism hightemperature, lowpressure transparent liquidsalt coolant brayton power cycles ge power systems ms7001fb. Characterize the nature of sodium interactions with air and water. Effect of sodium on low cycle fatigue behaviour on stainless steel. Since many sodiumcooled fast reactors have been built over more than six decades in several countries, it is worth examining that experience to help evaluate the prospects for the twr. Sfr sodiumcooled fast reactor lfr leadcooled fast reactor gfr gascooled fast reactor minor actinide destruction and plutonium management sustainability and proliferation benefits. The tru inventory requirement for a fast reactor including 23 reloads is of the order of 1015 tonsgwe. During that period, the gcfr concept was expected to increase the breeding gain, the thermal efficiency of a nuclear power plant, and alleviate some of the problems associated with liquid metal coolants. Materials science research for sodium cooled fast reactors. Fast reactor sfr system features a fast spectrum, sodium cooled reactor and a closed fuel. Sodium fast reactors with closed fuel cycle is a valuable reference for industry professionals involved in the construction of fastreactor power plants, as well as graduatelevel engineering students of the design and development of sodiumcooled fastreactor systems and components. The nek5000 simulation calculations were run with 3 million spectral elements of order n7 one billion points total with.
Sodium as a fast reactor coolant brave new climate. While the oxygenfree environment prevents corrosion, sodium reacts chemically with air and water and requires a sealed coolant system. Design concept of advanced sodiumcooled fast reactor and. Sodiumcooled fast reactors have a checkered history. Fast reactor sfr system features a fastspectrum, sodiumcooled reactor and a closed fuel. From the viewpoint that a sodiumcooled fast reactor sfr has the potential of an enhanced safety by utilizing inherent safety characteristics, transuranics tru reduction, and resolving the spent fuel storage problems through a proliferationresistant actinide recycling, an sfr is sure to be the most promising nuclear power option. In a sodiumcooled fast reactor, commonly called a liquidmetal reactor lmr, the fuel consists of uranium dioxide or uraniumplutonium dioxide pellets french design or of uraniumplutoniumzirconium metal alloy pins u. The sodium cooled fast reactors sfr french program currently focused on the design of the astrid advanced sodium technological reactor for industrial demonstration reactor components in. Training course on seismic protection of leadcooled reactors palazzo camozzini, verona, may 2125, 2012 strategy for sustainability of nuclear energy 12 present known resources of uranium represent about 100 years of consumption with the existing reactor fleet fast neutron reactors with closed fuel cycle have the potential. Sodiumcooled fast reactor sfr the sfr uses liquid sodium as the reactor coolant, allowing high power density with low coolant volume fraction and operation at low pressure. For the lead cooled fast reactor lfr, the thermal efficiency is assumed to be 42% corresponding to an improved supercritical steam cycle cinotti, 2004.
Practical aspects of liquidsaltcooled fastneutron reactors. Terrapowers traveling wave reactor twr is designed to be a 1150 megawattelectric liquid sodiumcooled fast reactor that uses depleted uranium as fuel. Sodium fast reactors with closed fuel cycle crc press book. Similarly, a supercritical brayton co 2 cycle is being considered for sodiumcooled fast reactors sfr, increasing the. Cefr china 2008 25 mwe pfbr india 2010 500 mwe bn800 russia china has an ambitious vision to. Similarly, a supercritical brayton co 2 cycle is being considered for sodium cooled fast reactors sfr, increasing the thermal efficiency to 45% schulenberg et al. In a sodium cooled fast reactor, commonly called a liquidmetal reactor lmr, the fuel consists of uranium dioxide or uraniumplutonium dioxide pellets french design or of uraniumplutoniumzirconium metal alloy pins u. The sodiumcooled fast reactor sfr uses lowpressure liquid sodium as the reactor.
The aircraft reactor experiment, the first msr, was a 2. Pressure distribution in a 217pin fuel bundle with wirewrapped spacers. The use of sodiumcooled fast reactors for effectively. A sodium cooled fast reactor is a fast neutron reactor cooled by liquid sodium the acronym sfr particularly refers to two generation iv reactor proposals, one based on existing liquid metal cooled reactor lmfr technology using mixed oxide fuel mox, the other based on the metalfueled integral fast reactor. The primary loop circulated liquid sodium from the reactor vesselcontaining radioactive materialsthrough a heat exchanger before returning the cooled liquid sodium to the reactor vessel fig.
The first prototype fast reactor for power generation was the us enrico fermi. Sodiumcooled reactor experience sodiumcooled fast reactors have a checkered history. The 4s reactor is a metallic fueled sodium cooled fast reactor. By far the most advanced of the six is the sodiumcooled fast reactor sfr, developed by france, russia and china from a concept pioneered in the united states in the 1950s. Identify important differences between sodium and other fast reactor coolants leadlbe and helium and why sodium is preferred. Liquid metal coolants for fast reactors cooled by sodium, lead and leadbismuth eutectic iaea nuclear energy series npt1. The work in this thesis mainly concerns the detection of incore perturbations arising from unwanted movements of control rods with invessel neutron detectors in a sodium cooled fast reactor. Development of a neutron flux monitoring system for sodium. This video shows safety research on sodiumcooled fast reactor aiming to achieve the highest level of safety conducted by master students at yamaguchi lab in osaka university, japan. Survey of sodiumcooled fast reactor fuel handling systems for relevant design and operating characteristics by j. Allen argonne national laboratory po box 2528 idaho falls, id 834032528, u. Sodium cooled fast reactor sfr the sfr uses liquid sodium as the reactor coolant, allowing high power density with low coolant volume fraction and operation at low pressure. Fast reactor facility design fast reactor core picture of pfr core the liquidsaltcooled fast reactor highertemperature liquidsalt coolant replacing sodium general electric sprism hightemperature, lowpressure transparent liquidsalt coolant brayton power cycles ge power systems ms7001fb.
Salt cooled fast reactor by the e generation issuu. A p rototype generationiv sodiumcooled fast reactor pgsfr is. Conventional burner wo blankets will require annual makeup of 100300 kgtrugweyr depending on the reactor size. Molten lead or leadbismuth eutectic can be used as the primary coolant because lead and bismuth have low neutron absorption and relatively low melting points. The 4s reactors are designed to have the long lifetime core, which is one of the solutions to satisfy design requirements. Proceedings of an international workshop 2005 chapter. A sodiumcooled fast reactor is a fast neutron reactor cooled by liquid sodium the acronym sfr particularly refers to two generation iv reactor proposals, one based on existing liquid metal cooled reactor lmfr technology using mixed oxide fuel mox, the other based on. Liquid metal cooled fast reactor fuel assemblies operational behaviour no. Comparison of sodium and leadcooled fast reactors regarding.
When it became clear in the 1980s that this was not a realistic expectation. Other articles where sodium cooled fast reactor is discussed. Sodiumcooled fast reactor sfr coolant flow youtube. A prototype generationiv sodiumcooled fast reactor pgsfr is. According to a fact sheet on the companys web site, it will greatly simplify the current nuclear fuel cycle by reducing the need for uranium mining, enrichment facilities, reprocessing. Materials and manufacturing technologies for sodium cooled fast. Main fast breeder reactor types and their design parameters there are two basic designs for sodium cooled fast breeders.
The crbr project crbrp was announced in january 1972, and definitive arrangements were made to combine resources of the us atomic energy commission and some 750 private, public, cooperative. The nek5000 simulation calculations were run with 3 million spectral elements of. Generation iv fast reactors university of cambridge. Isam for sodiumcooled fast reactor sfr for further research and. Optimisation of sodium cooled fast reactors conference. The cpesfr merges the contribution of 23 european partners. The lead cooled fast reactor is a nuclear reactor design that features a fast neutron spectrum and molten lead or leadbismuth eutectic coolant. Because liquid sodium reacts aggressively when exposed to either water or air i. Structural materials for liquid metal cooled fast reactor fuel. Analysis of microleak sodiumwater reaction phenomena in a. A remarkable feature of 4s is that its reactivity is not controlled by neutron absorber rods but by. For the leadcooled fast reactor lfr, the thermal efficiency is assumed to be 42% corresponding to an improved supercritical steam cycle cinotti, 2004. The sodium cooled small sealed fast reactor 4s with non. Pdf metal fuel development for sodiumcooled fast reactor.
This choice was made based on sfrs being the most researched and implemented of fast reactor designs. Other articles where sodiumcooled fast reactor is discussed. Sep 23, 2015 terrapowers traveling wave reactor twr is designed to be a 1150 megawattelectric liquid sodiumcooled fast reactor that uses depleted uranium as fuel. The effect of steam cycle conditions upon the economics and design of a sodiumcooled fast reactor. Sodiumcooled fast reactor sfr system safety assessment 5 and operated in a number of countries.
An accelerated development of the latter is possible. The sodiumcooled reactor experience does not bode well for twrs. The sodiumcooled fast reactor sfr is one of the most promising candidates to meet the. Liquid metal cooled reactors have some theoretical advantages, especially if one wants to do a fast breeder. Fast breeder reactors fbrs are emerging as vital source of power. Oct, 2010 pressure distribution in a 217pin fuel bundle with wirewrapped spacers. Taiwo abstract the design and performance characteristics of experimental breeder reactorii ebrii, fast. Major fast reactor options there are four major fast reactor options, and innovative designs of each one of them are presented in this booklet. The sodium cooled smallsized fast reactors named 4s50mp and 4s10ml are designed to meet the global energy source market as dispersed electric power or multi purpose reactor.
In particular, the sodium cooled fast reactorsfr design and its fuel cycle will be discussed. Analysis of microleak sodiumwater reaction phenomena in a sodiumcooled fast reactor steam generator 1005 korean j. Materials and manufacturing technologies for sodium cooled fast reactors and associated. Pdf this paper investigates the use of enrichment and moderator zoning methods for optimizing the rz power distribution within sodium cooled fast. A schematic representation of this type of reactor is shown in fig. The primary system is a pool type an integrated type. Sodiumcooled fastneutronspectrum liquidmetal reactors lmrs received much attention during the 1960s and 70s when it appeared that their breeding capabilities would soon be needed to supply fissile material to a rapidly expanding nuclear industry.